The general outline of the issues we analysed for computing the annual energy yield is:

• The transposition of the radiation components to the tilted plane.
• Using a library to compute the sun position.
• The sun-tracking algorithm used in single-axis trackers (backtracking).
• Computation of the effects of shadows on the irradiance received by a tilted plane.
• Computation of the irradiance perceived by the back-face, used for bifacial simulations.
• Electrical generation of a photovoltaic module being irradiated, and it’s associated losses.
• Estimating the effect of partial shadows on strings of modules.
• Performance of an electrical inverter and window of operation.
• Electrical losses in a utility-scale photovoltaic plant.

Learn more about methodology's authors: Félix Pérez, Juan Romero and Miguel Ángel Torrero.